
                         The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
                         ------------------------

                            15.1, `'

                          4.0.5, 17 May 2011


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------



---------

              
     Debian GNU/Linux.


   
----------------------------

     Copyright (C) 1996-2000 by Software in the Public Interest

     Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
     document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
     preserved on all copies.

     Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
     document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
     entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
     permission notice identical to this one.

     Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
     document into another language, under the above conditions for
     modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included
     in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
     the original English.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------



----------

     1.           
     1.1.        Debian GNU/Linux?
     1.2.       ,   Debian...    Linux?!
     1.3.        "Hurd"?
     1.4.         Debian GNU/Linux  
                Linux?
     1.5.         Debian   GNU Free Software
               Foundation?
     1.6.         Debian    ?

     2.           Debian GNU/Linux
     2.1.        Debian  ?
     2.2.              Debian?
     2.3.         Debian  CD-ROM?
     2.4.          CD-writer,  - CD ?
     2.5.             ?
     2.6.         Debian   ̣ 
               ?
     2.7.         Debian    
               ?

     3.         
     3.1.        /  Debian GNU/Linux?
     3.2.        Debian    Linux?
     3.3.         Debian    
               Unix?
     3.4.          Debians (".deb" )  
                RedHat/Slackware/... Linux?   
                RedHat (".rpm" )    Debian
               GNU/Linux?
     3.5.        Debian     
               "a.out"?
     3.6.        Debian    libc5 ?
     3.7.         Debian   libc5 ?
     3.8.         -Debian ?
     3.9.           "Can't find libX11.so.6" 
                `foo'?
     3.10.          ,  
               libtermcap?
     3.11.          AccelX?
     3.12.          XFree 2.1 Motif?

     4.         ,    Debian
     4.1.             
                Debian GNU/Linux?
     4.2.           ?
     4.3.            , 
                  Debian?
     4.4.          Debian   libfoo.so?
     4.5.         Debian GNU/Linux?
     4.6.      () Debian  Java?
     4.7.         ,    Debian,  
               ?
     4.8.        Debian    ?
     4.9.            ?
     4.10.      pine?

     5.        FTP- Debian
     5.1.          FTP- Debian?
     5.2.        Debian    `dists'?
     5.3.          slink, potato  ..?
     5.4.        - "" ?
     5.5.            
               ?
     5.6.         ?
     5.7.        "sid"?
     5.8.          ?
     5.9.         ?
     5.10.          `dists/stable/main'?
     5.11.        ?
     5.12.     ,     ,    `dists'?

     6.            Debian
     6.1.         Debian?
     6.2.           Debian?
     6.3.         Debian   ?
     6.4.          (control)  Debian?
     6.5.        Debian conffile?
     6.6.          preinst, postinst, prerm  postrm?
     6.7.       
               ////
               (Required/Important/Standard/Optional/Extra) ?
     6.8.         ?
     6.9.        ,  
               ///
               //
               (Depends/Recommends/Suggests/Conflicts/Replaces/Provides)
                ?
     6.10.        Pre-Depends (-)?
     6.11.       
               ////
               (unknown/install/remove/purge/hold)   ?
     6.12.            (hold) ?
     6.13.           ?
     6.14.            ?
     6.15.          Debian?

     7.           Debian
     7.1.             Debian?
     7.1.1.         dpkg
     7.1.2.         dselect
     7.1.3.         dpkg-deb
     7.1.4.         apt-get
     7.1.5.         dpkg-split
     7.2.      Debian ,    
               ;    ?
     7.3.              ?
     7.4.           ?

     8.           Debian   
               
     8.1.           Debian 1.3.1 ( 
               ),   libc5,  2.0 (  ),
                 libc6?
     8.2.           Debian  
               ?
     8.2.1.         APT
     8.2.2.         dpkg-ftp
     8.2.3.         mirror
     8.2.4.         dftp
     8.2.5.         dpkg-mountable
     8.3.            , 
                ?
     8.4.               .deb?
     8.5.          ,    
               ?

     9.        Debian  
     9.1.              
                Debian ?
     9.2.           
                  Debian?
     9.3.           ?
     9.4.        Debian    
               ?
     9.5.              , ,
                 ,  ?

     10.          Debian GNU/Linux
     10.1.       ,    
                 ?
     10.2.            
                ?
     10.3.        Debian    
                ?
     10.4.            X11?
     10.5.     ,     
               . ,     Debian.
     10.6.     ,  Debian     
                `rc.local';    ?
     10.7.          , 
                     ?
     10.8.         , 
               - ,  ?
     10.9.            , 
                   ?
     10.10.       mawk,  - gawk;
                - vim,  - elvis;  - trn,  -
               tin;      Debian?

     11.          Debian GNU/Linux
     11.1.      ݣ     Debian?
     11.2.       - -    Debian?
     11.3.          ?
     11.3.1.             
     11.4.          Debian GNU/Linux?
     11.5.         ?
     11.6.           Debian?

     12.          Debian
     12.1.           
               Debian?
     12.2.          Debian  ?
     12.3.          Debian  ?
     12.3.1.        Software in the Public Interest
     12.3.2.        Free Software Foundation

     13.        Debian GNU/Linux   
     13.1.        CD- Debian   ?
     13.2.        Debian    ?
     13.3.         Linux  "
               ".    Debian GNU/Linux  
                      
               ?
     13.4.            ""
               Debian,        
               Debian?

     14.              
               Debian GNU/Linux?
     14.1.      
     14.2.       - 
     14.3.     ݣ  
     14.4.      Linux 2.4
     14.5.      GNU C 2.2

     15.          FAQ
     15.1.     
     15.2.      
     15.3.      
     15.4.      


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1.    
------------------------------


1.1.   Debian GNU/Linux?
--------------------------------

     Debian GNU/Linux -   __  
     Linux,   ,    .

      ,     Linux  Internet  
     -    .       
         ,   
        .        
       ,    .    ,
           
     ,     Linux.
      Linux     ,  ,
            , 
           ,
          ,  
      .

     Debian GNU/Linux -      
     ,  Unix-  ,
        .    Unix- 
        GNU,    Debian GNU/Linux 
       GNU.

      Debian,     ,    GNU (.
     Debian Free Software Guidelines
     (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines)).    
       ,      ,   .
       -  ,      
      ,         
      ,           
     ;    ,       .

      Debian   Ian Murdock  1993,   
      GNU Free Software Foundation.  ,  Debian
         GNU.

     Debian GNU/Linux -  :

        * __:  Debian     29000
           .       
          ;   Debian   .
                  Debian  
             (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist) Debian.

        * _    _: 
                 
            .   ,   
           Debian GNU/Linux   , 
            GNU General Public License.

          FTP  Debian    187 
           (  `non-free'  `contrib'), 
                .

        * __:   880 , 
                 
          , Debian  .    
             ,  FTP  
          .

      Debian GNU/Linux    ,    
        Linux.   ,
       <<<<<<< basic_defs.ru.sgml , Debian
       Linux  ,  
      Linux      
     ======= , Debian   Linux 
     ,    Linux   
        >>>>>>> 1.4  ,   
      .  .   13.3, `  
      Linux  " ".    
     Debian GNU/Linux        
       ?'.


1.2.  ,   Debian...    Linux?!
-----------------------------------------------------

       , Linux -   Unix- 
     .          386 (
     );       , 
      .  Linux   Linus Torvalds 
         .

      ,  "Linux"  :

        *  ,   Linux Filesystem
          Hierarchy Standard http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.

        *    Unix,     
           GNU  Free Software Foundation.

       Linux,  ,  GNU  FSF,  
      ,      POSIX (IEEE
     1003.1); .   3.3, `   Debian  
       Unix?'.

         Linux     Michael K.
     Johnson INFO-SHEET
     (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET)  META-FAQ
     (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ).


1.3.   "Hurd"?
----------------------

     Hurd -   ,    GNU Mach.  
            GNU.

      Debian    Linux,     Debian
     GNU/Hurd Hurd    ,  
      .  , Debian GNU/Hurd    ,
          - .

       GNU/Hurd    http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/
      http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/.


1.4.    Debian GNU/Linux    Linux?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Debian   
     Linux:

        Debian:
            ,    ,    
             ,   
            (  )   .
             Linux   
            ;    
          Debian    .  (.   6, `
             Debian')

      :
            ,    Linux 
          , ,    
          , Debian -    Linux, 
                Internet,
            Linux    .

          ,  880     
            ,  29000    Debian
          GNU/Linux.      Debian 
              ,   
                , 
                
           .       
           12.1, `     
           Debian?'.

       :
               Debian 
                  
               .
                
             WWW    .  .
                  
          FAQ   11.5, `    ?'.

     Debian Policy:
          Debian     , Debian
          Policy.       , 
              Debian.


1.5.    Debian   GNU Free Software Foundation?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Debian     ,  
     Free Software Foundation http://www.gnu.org/    Richard
     Stallman.     ,   
     FSF      Debian.

      Debian -    FSF,     
        .  FSF ,   
       "Debian GNU/Linux",      
     .

       FSF -   ,  GNU,
       HURD (http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html),


1.6.    Debian    ?
------------------------------------------------------

         Deb'-ian,   e   
      .       Debra  Ian Murdock,
       .  (,   
        Ian (!),  Ian 
      ee'-an.)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


2.    Debian GNU/Linux
-----------------------------------------


2.1.   Debian  ?
--------------------------------------------

           Debian GNU/Linux:

     _release 6.0,    `' _
                
          ,  ,     
               .

     _`' _
           ,      ; 
           .     `' 
            FTP  Debian      
             ,      
             -   ӣ  
          `__'!

           5.2, `
      Debian    `dists'?'.


2.2.         Debian?
---------------------------------------------------------

            
       FTP  Debian: ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/  
      (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist).

            
     `dists/stable/main',      
     , : `disks-<arch>' (<arch>   "i386",
     "sparc",  ..,     ).     
         ݣ  , 
        ,   , 
        `current' ()(  ).

          `README.txt'    .


2.3.    Debian  CD-ROM?
----------------------------------------

     Linux    ISO 9660 (CD-ROM)  
     Rock Ridge (   "High Sierra").  
      (http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/)  Debian
     GNU/Linux   .

     :    CD-ROM,     
        dselect   `cdrom'.  ,  
     .  ,  `mountable'  `apt'    
       CD-ROM (  8.2.5, `dpkg-mountable'  
     8.2.1, `APT').


2.4.     CD-writer,  - CD ?
-----------------------------------------------------------

     .      CD,    CD
      (http://cdimage.debian.org/).


2.5.        ?
----------------------------------------------------------

     -, :  Debian GNU/Linux  , 
        ,     
     1.44MB -   ,       
      .

       Debian    .  
        DOS,   Linux "ext2",  "minix"; 
        mount    
     .

          :

        *     MS-DOS:    
            Debian  ,   MS-DOS,
          ,        ,  
            ͣ  MS-DOS 8.3.  
            ,  Debian  
             ͣ  8.3    "msdos" 
            (`stable/msdos-i386/', `contrib/msdos-i386/' 
          `non-free/msdos-i386/').      
                Debian; 
              ,    `binary-i386/' 
            .

        *   :     1.44  
               .     ,
            dpkg-split (  7.1.5,
          `dpkg-split')   `tools'  ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/
            (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist).

            ,   
       ;      
     .

            `/floppy'
     (,       ), 
     :

        * mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/

               A:     MS-DOS,

        * mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/

               B:     MS-DOS,

        * mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/

               A:     ext2,
          (..,   Linux).


2.6.    Debian   ̣  ?
------------------------------------------------------------------

     .    :

        * _  APT:_   `apt',   
          `/etc/apt/sources.list'   .    
           Σ       Debian.  
               apt-get(8)  sources.list(8),
               APT, 
          `/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'.

           

               apt-get update

          , 

               apt-get upgrade

                  Debian.

        * _  dselect  dpkg-ftp:_   `dpkg-ftp'
          (  8.2.2, `dpkg-ftp').

             `dselect',   `dpkg-ftp',
             ,     
               .     
               .

          Dselect       ftp , 
             (    ,
           ftp.debian.org  http.us.debian.org).

                , 
          ,    .      
             "Packages" (   , "Packages.gz"),
              dists/stable/main/binary-ARCH,  ARCH 
               .

      ,         ,
      ݣ      /var,    
       ,    -  
      (:  `apt-move'),    
     .


2.7.    Debian     ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------

       ,      
     .     `tar', `cpio', 
     `afio',     Debian  , 
             .  
     ,    "tar"     
                
      Debian.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3.  
-------------------------


3.1.   /  Debian GNU/Linux?
--------------------------------------------------------------

     Debian GNU/Linux      ޣ  
     ,       , 
       Linux;   Linux FAQ
     (http://www.linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/).

       Debian GNU/Linux, 6.0,     
      :

     _i386_:  PC,     Intel 
       ,  Intel 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro,
     Pentium II ( Klamath  Celeron),  Pentium III,   
        AMD, Cyrix  .

     _m68k_:  Amiga  ATARI,    Motorola
     680x0,  x>=2;  MMU.

     _alpha_: Alpha   Compaq/Digital.

     _sparc_:  SPARC  Sun    UltraSPARC.

     _powerpc_:   IBM/Motorola PowerPC , 
     CHRP, PowerMac   PReP.

     _arm_:  ARM  StrongARM.

        ģ    Debian
       Sparc64 ( UltraSPARC)  MIPS.

        ,  ,  PCMCIA
     (PC Card)       
       ,     WWW   
     http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/install.


3.2.   Debian    Linux?
---------------------------------------------------------------

      Debian      Linux
           
      Linux.      Linux
         Debian       
     .

     Debian GNU/Linux     
     Linux (http://www.pathname.com/fhs/).  ,   
      ,     
       Debian    Linux.


3.3.    Debian     Unix?
----------------------------------------------------------------------

         Linux   
      Unix.     ӣ,     System
     V Unix,      ,   BSD.
     ,      Unix    ,
          .    
         , 
       "" .     
       ,   POSIX.1 (IEEE  1003.1-1990)
             
      Unix-  .

     Linux   POSIX.1,   POSIX 
      ,   POSIX.1 ( FIPS 151-2) 
     ;  ݣ    Linux   
      POSIX.     ţ
         Debian    
     ,     ģ  .
     (    ,   , 
      ޣ ݣ  ,     
      POSIX.1.)

     Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany)  Linux , 
         FIPS 151-2 (superset
     POSIX.1).        Unifix,
      Unifix Linux 2.0   Lasermoon Linux-FT.


3.4.     Debians (".deb" )   
RedHat/Slackware/... Linux?     RedHat (".rpm"
)    Debian GNU/Linux?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

       Linux     
        .

     _  :_
           ,    Debian  Linux
          ,    `' ,    
          ,   ,    .  
          , ,  , ..   
          RedHat  Slackware   ,    Debian
          GNU/Linux      
               .  , 
           ,   ( 
          )     Linux.

     _  ,    :_
                
           ,      .
          ,     .  ,
            Debian  `'   
           (   )   
            .   ,   
                 
          Debian,  , , ģ    
            Debian,  ģ   
            ,      
          ,   .

     _ :_
             Linux (  Debian
          GNU/Linux) ,   `/usr/local/' 
             .  ,  
           `'    ,  
             ,   .


3.5.   Debian      "a.out"?
-------------------------------------------------------------------

         ݣ   ?  :-)

      __ ,     `a.out'
     (.., QMAGIC  ZMAGIC),

        * ,    `a.out',  
          (CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT=y)    
          (CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT=m).  ( Debian kernel-image 
           `binfmt_aout'.)

                `a.out'  
          ,  ,   `binfmt_aout' 
          .         , 
           `binfmt_aout'   `/etc/modules'.    
             ,   `insmod
          DIRNAME/binfmt_aout.o',  `DIRNAME' -   , 
             ,    .  
              2.2.17, `DIRNAME'  
          `/lib/modules/2.2.17/fs/'.

        *   `libc4',       
           2.0 ( ,      
          ).        Debian CD-ROM (
          Debian 1.3.1 ݣ   ),   
          ftp://archive.debian.org/debian-archive/  .

        *  ,    ,  `a.out' X
          ,    `xcompat' (  
          ).

          `a.out'  ,   
          `ELF' .


3.6.   Debian    libc5 ?
-----------------------------------------------------------

     .      `libc5'   `oldlibs'
     (  , ޣ    
     ).


3.7.    Debian   libc5 ?
------------------------------------------------------------

     .    `libc5-altdev'  `altgcc's ( 
     `oldlibs').    ģ  libc5- `gcc' 
     `g++'   `/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin'.     
      $PATH,    `make'   .

         libc5 X ,   
     `xlib6'  `xlib6-altdev'.

     ,   libc5       
     .


3.8.    -Debian ?
--------------------------------------------

        `/usr/local/'    
      Debian.  ,    
           /usr/local/src/.  , 
            "foo.tar"  
     `/usr/local/src/foo'.   ,    
     `/usr/local/bin/',   `/usr/local/lib/',   
      `/usr/local/etc/'.

        /      - 
     ,  ӣ      `/usr/local/',  
            Σ
       `/usr/local/', ,     

          ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo

       ,    ,    ,
       ,    
      Debian  ,      Debian.  , 
       ,      Debian
     (  11.1, ` ݣ    
     Debian?').


3.9.      "Can't find libX11.so.6"  
`foo'?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

         ,     
      X11  `libc5'.      
       `xlib6'   `oldlibs'.

           ,   
     libXpm.so.4,        libc5
      XPM   `xpm4.7',    `oldlibs'.


3.10.      ,   libtermcap?
-------------------------------------------------------------------

     Debian    `terminfo'   `ncurses'
       ,     `termcap'  
     `termcap'.  ,  ,  
         ,    
     `libtermcap'   `libncurses'.

        ,     
     `termcap'      , Debian 
      `termcap-compat'.   Σ   `libtermcap.so.2' 
     `/etc/termcap'.    ,   
          "can't load library
     'libtermcap.so.2'",      `/etc/termcap'.


3.11.      AccelX?
-----------------------------------------

       AccelX   `termcap'.   
      3.10, `     ,  
     libtermcap?'  .


3.12.      XFree 2.1 Motif?
---------------------------------------------------------

         `motifnls',  
        XFree-2.1, ,   
      Motif,   XFree-2.1,   
     XFree-3.1.

          Motif,   
      (  Netscape)      
          ,     
     .


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


4.  ,    Debian
------------------------------------------------------


4.1.          Debian
GNU/Linux?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

          Linux, Debian GNU/Linux
     :

        *   GNU    ,
             ,  gcc, g++, make, texinfo,
          Emacs,  Bash     Unix,

        * Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk       
          ,

        * TeX (LaTeX)  Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript,

        * the X Window System,    
             Linux,   X-,
           GNOME,

        *    ,    
           Internet,   HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (),
          SMTP  POP ()   ;   web- 
           .

        ,  28200 ,   
            FAX ,   
      ,   , , 
       , Web-     .
      187       Debian-, 
         Debian    
     .


4.2.      ?
-------------------------------------------------

     __   () ()  
     `/usr/doc/PACKAGE/copyright',   PACKAGE  
     .

     __ -  ,      Debian GNU/Linux -
        control Debian (.   6.4, `  
      (control)  Debian?'),     .


4.3.       ,    
Debian?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

          
     (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist) Debian.

       `indices/Packages-Master-i386.gz'  ,
            
        ix86 (   ).   
       `indices/Packages-Master-ARCH.gz',  ARCH -
      ,    
     ,    /.

     WWW-   Debian (http://packages.debian.org/)
             ""
      Debian.


4.4.     Debian   libfoo.so?
------------------------------------------------------------

     Debian Policy ,     (
     libfoo.so.x.y.z  )    , 
     .      libfoo-dev  libfooX-dev
     (,     libfooX,  X - 
     ).


4.5.    Debian GNU/Linux?
----------------------------------------

      ,     Debian,  
      "Work-Needing and Prospective Packages".    
       12.1, `     
      Debian?'.


4.6. () Debian  Java?
------------------------------------

     Java Development Kit   Sun    Debian
     (`jdkVVV_VVV-RRR.deb').  JDK    Java- 
     ,      Java-.   
        (.  ), JDK   __
      Java   .    JDK 
      .

     ,   Debian  ,  
      Java   , ..  CONFIG_BINFMT_JAVA=m.
     ,       
     (.   9.2, `     
        Debian?'), ,    .   
        ,    ,  
     .        , 
      `binfmt_java'   `/etc/modules'.

      ,       , 
      `insmod DIRNAME/binfmt_java.o',  `DIRNAME' -  
     ,       .    
       2.2.17 `DIRNAME'   
     `/lib/modules/2.2.17/fs/'.  ,   , 
      `lsmod'.

       Java-     .
      Netscape,       Debian,
       Java-.  (  Netscape  
     .   Debian  netscape  , 
          Netscape   Debian.
            
      Debian.)

      :  Sun   JDK 
      ,          
      Debian.  ,     ,  
     Netscape   Debian GNU/Linux.     
       - .


4.7.    ,    Debian,   ?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

      ,  ,      
        Debian,   
     `/etc/debian_version',    ,
        ,    `base-files'.

       `dpkg' ,    
      Debian   , ,   
          ,     
         Debian GNU/Linux.

        ,   Debian  
      ,       ()
     .   "" Debian    
      .    .   
          `foo', 
      `dpkg --list foo'.       
      :

          dpkg -l

          :

          dpkg --status foo


4.8.   Debian    ?
-----------------------------------------------------

        * Debian GNU/Linux    
                 
           (  `kbd'),   ,
               .

                .

        *     
            -US-ASCII ,  
          Latin  (., ISO-8859-1  ISO-8859-2),  
          ,   ,   Japanese
           Chinese.

        *    man-  , , ,
          , , , ,  
               `manpages-', 
           -  ISO- ).     
          NLS man-    
           LC_MESSAGES   .

          ,    , LC_MESSAGES 
            'italian'.   `man'  
          man-     
          `/usr/share/man/it/'.


4.9.       ?
-----------------------------------------

            ,  
          .
     PGP  ssh,  ,    .

          , 
      Debian GNU/Linux    
     ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/.    ,
          
     ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US.


4.10.  pine?
---------------

     -   pine    .  
     ,      
      ,         
     Debian  pine.    , 
     dselect,    Debian- pine   
     `pine396-src'  `pine396-diffs',  `pine4-src'  `pine4-diffs' 
      4.*.

      ,       pine,  
     pico, , `mutt'  `nano',     main.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


5. FTP- Debian
--------------------


5.1.     FTP- Debian?
------------------------------------------------

       FTP- Debian ,     Debian
     GNU/Linux,      .

      `dists'  "",   
             Debian (
      ).


5.2.   Debian    `dists'?
---------------------------------------------------------------

      -  , ""   ""
     .       ""
     .  (.   5.4, `  - ""
     ?').


5.3.     slink, potato  ..?
------------------------------------------------------

        " ".   Debian   
     ,     ,    .
        Debian (   `unstable'
       `stable',     ).

     , `stable' -     `potato' (..  Debian
     GNU/Linux 6.0)  `unstable'    `woody', 
     ,  `potato'    , 
     `woody' -   .


5.4.   - "" ?
-----------------------------------------------

         ,  
     ,  ,        ,
        ,   .   
          `dists',   .
         , 
     ,   ` '.    ,
        ,       
       ,       .  
            ,
        ,  
     ,       (
       ).


5.5.        ?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

        : `buzz'   1.1, `rex'  
     1.2, `bo'   1.3.x, `hamm'   2.0  `slink' 
      2.1.


5.6.    ?
-----------------------------------

           "Toy Story"  Pixar.

        * _buzz_ (Buzz Lightyear)  ,

        * _rex_  ,

        * _bo_ (Bo Peep)  ,  took care of the sheep,

        * _hamm_ was the piggy bank,

        * _slink_ (Slinky Dog)   ,

        * _potato_ - , ,  Potato,

        * _woody_  .


5.7.   "sid"?
---------------------

         ,     
     .

      sid   ,   FTP-  
      : ,     
       ,   ,   
         .       ,
             .

     ,   ,      
         sid,       
        .  sid    ,  
       -      
     ,    .   
        .

      "sid"    "Toy Story" : Sid was the boy next door who
     destroyed toys :-)


5.8.     ?
---------------------------------------

        * stable/main/:    ,  
              Debian GNU/Linux.

              Debian Free Software
          Guidelines (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines), 
                .

        * stable/non-free/:     ,
              .

              ,  
           .     
           ,    -   
          .        
               ( CD-).

        * stable/contrib/:    ,  
           DFSG     _ _, 
            __       
           non-free.


5.9.    ?
-------------------------------------

      `unstable'      , 
          .    
        ,   ,    
     .       
     ,         GNU/Linux,   
     ,        :-)

           main, contrib  non-free,
        ,     .


5.10.      `dists/stable/main'?
-----------------------------------------------------

         (`dists/stable/main',
     `dists/stable/contrib', `dists/stable/non-free',
     `dists/unstable/main/'  ..,    `project/experimental/',
         ,   ), 
       ,     
     ,    :

        * binary-all/,    , 
           Perl,  .

        * binary-i386/,  ,     80x86 PC.

        * binary-m68k/,  ,    ,
             Motorola 680x0.     
             Atari  Amiga,     VME.

        * binary-sparc/,  ,     Sun
          SPARCStations.

        * binary-alpha/,  ,     DEC
          Alpha.

        * binary-powerpc/,  ,    
          PowerPC.

        * binary-arm/,  ,     ARM.

     .     3.1, `  /
      Debian GNU/Linux?'.


5.11.    ?
------------------------------------

           Debian.   ,
         __, 
           .

           "source",  
       ,     .

               
      "contrib"  "non-free",     
      Debian.


5.12. ,     ,    `dists'?
------------------------------------------------------------------

        :

     _/tools/_:
           DOS    ,  
            , /   Linux.

     _/doc/_:
           Debian, Debian FAQ,    
           .

     _/indices/_:
            ,  , Packages-master ,
           .

     _/project/_:
               ,  :

          _project/experimental/_:
                    ,  
                    -
               .       ,
                       
                 .

          _project/orphaned/_:
               ,       .


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


6.     Debian
--------------------------------------------


6.1.    Debian?
----------------------------

            
       .      Debian:

        * _ (Binary) _,    
           ,  man/info,  
              .   
               Debian (.
           6.2, `     Debian?');  
              '.deb'.     
              `dpkg';   
           .

        * _ (Source) _,    `.dsc' 
             (   
          ), `.orig.tar.gz' ,   
               tar.gz , , `.diff.gz'
              Debian   
           .   `dpkg-source'  
             Debian;    
          .

           
      "" (dependencies),   
      .       `control',
        .     GNU 
     C (`gcc') ""   `binutils',   
       .     
     `gcc'     `binutils',    
     (dpkg)    ,   
       `binutils',    .
     (,      
     , .  dpkg(8).)       6.9,
     `  ,  
     /////
     (Depends/Recommends/Suggests/Conflicts/Replaces/Provides) 
     ?'.

        Debian   :

        *       ,

        *     ,   
              ,   ,

        *     ,

        *     ,   
          FTP .


6.2.      Debian?
--------------------------------------------

     "" Debian,   Debian,   ,
            
         .   ,  
     Debian   `.deb'.

         Debian   
      deb(5).        (
       Debian GNU/Linux),   
     dpkg-deb(1)      `.deb'.


6.3.    Debian   ?
-------------------------------------------------

        Debian   :
     <foo>_<VersionNumber>-<DebianRevisionNumber>.deb

     ,  `foo'   .    
         .deb   
      :

        *   "Packages"   FTP ,  
           Debian.        
          ;      --  .

        *   `dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb' ( VVV  RRR
          --     ).   ,  
          ,      .

      `VVV' --     .
           ,    ,
     ., "19990513"  "1.3.8pre1".

      `RRR'   Debian,  
     Debian (  ,     
     ).      , 
      , ,   , , 
       Debian Makefile (`debian/rules'),   Debian
     (`debian/control'),     (`debian/p*'), 
          .


6.4.     (control)  Debian?
--------------------------------------------------

         Debian  
     "   Debian" (Debian Packaging manual),  4,
     .   11.1, ` ݣ    
     Debian?'.

        control   Debian hello  :

          Package: hello
          Priority: optional
          Section: devel
          Installed-Size: 45
          Maintainer: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org>
          Architecture: i386
          Version: 1.3-16
          Depends: libc6 (>= 2.1)
          Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
           The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting.  It
           allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
           would otherwise be unavailable to them.
           .
           Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
           It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
           (which is itself an example for the GNU Project).

      Package   .      
         .    ,  
     ,       Debian.

      Version     (  )
              6.3,
     `   Debian   ?'.

      Architecture      
       .

      Depends   ,    
         .

     Installed-Size     
      .      
          .

      Section  "",     Debian 
     FTP .     (    , .
      5.1, `    FTP- Debian?')  
      .

      Priority      
     ;  , ., dselect  console-apt 
        .  .   6.7, ` 
     ////
     (Required/Important/Standard/Optional/Extra) ?'.

       Maintainer  e-mail  ,  
       .

       Description    ,
      .

          ,    ,
       4    Debian, "  
      ."


6.5.   Debian conffile?
-------------------------------

     Conffile     (  
     `/etc'),       
       .   ,   
             
      .

       ,     ,
     :

          dpkg --status package

         "Conffiles:".


6.6.     preinst, postinst, prerm  postrm?
-----------------------------------------------------------

       ,     
       .     `control',   
      ""    Debian.

      :

     preinst
              ,    
           .deb .    'preinst'  ,
             ,    
          .

     postinst
           , ,     
          ,      .deb .  , 
          'postinst'      /
           ,     
          -,     .
             'postinst'  , 
                 
           .

     prerm
           , ,    ,
            .      ,
            .

     postrm
           ,      , 
           , /    .  (.  
           6.8, `   ?').

              
     `/var/lib/dpkg/info'.  ,    `foo'  
     "foo"   "preinst", "postinst"  ..   `foo.list' 
             `foo'.
     (,     dpkg;   
        ).


6.7.   ////
(Required/Important/Standard/Optional/Extra) ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Debian   
     _ (priority)_,      .
      :

        * _ (Required)_: ,    
           .

             ,   
            .       , 
              ,  ,   ,
              dpkg  ,    
           .   ,   
            ,   ,   
          ,       
             .

        * _ (Important)_   ,  
             Unix- .

                    
            .   __  Emacs, X11,
          Tex     .    
           .

        * _ (Standard)_     
          Linux ,   ,   
          ,      .

           ,     ,   
           - .      
          ,   ,  Emacs  
           TeX  LaTeX.

        * _ (Optional)_    ,  , 
          ,   ,    
           .

            X11,   TeX,   
          .

        * _ (Extra)_: ,    
           ,    ,  
           ,   ,   ,  
           ,    
            "Optional".


6.8.    ?
---------------------------------

       -   ,     
     ,        .
     ,  `tin'  `trn',     
          ,  
          ,   .
        " ", 
     `news-reader'.

     , `smail'  `sendmail'   
      .      
     "mail transport agent".      ,  
     ,    `mail-transport-agent', 
         .

      ,       ,
        ,  Debian
        , 
          .    
      `update-alternatives',     10.10,
     `   mawk,  - gawk;  -
     vim,  - elvis;  - trn,  - tin;  
        Debian?'.


6.9.   ,  
/////
(Depends/Recommends/Suggests/Conflicts/Replaces/Provides)  ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Debian   ""  ,
             
          :

        *  A _ (depends)_   B,  B 
             A.    , A   
           B,      B.   
          , ,  ,   B  
           .

        *  A _ (recommends) _  B, 
            ,    
            A   , 
           B.

        *  A _ (suggests)_  B,  B  
           (   )   
           A.

        *  A _ (conflicts)_   B,  A  
          ,    B.   , 
            ,  A  , 
          ,    B.  ""   
          "".

        *  A _ (replaces)_  B,   
           B   (  )  
           A.

        *  A _ (provides)_  B,    
           B  A.

             
          (Packaging manual)    
      (Policy manual).


6.10.    Pre-Depends (-)?
--------------------------------------------------------

     "Pre-Depends"    .   
       `dpkg'      ,
             .   ,
     `dpkg'          
     .    __    , 
     `dpkg'    ( ) 
       .

     ,   , `dpkg'   
        .    ,  
     "Pre-depend"    .   Debian 
            `a.out' 
      `ELF',   __,    
     .     ,   
      .

             
     .


6.11.    ////
(unknown/install/remove/purge/hold)   ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

       ,       (
             ""
     ("Select")  `dselect',   
       `dpkg').

      :

        *  (unknown) -     
           .

        *  (install) -  ,   
            .

        *  (remove) -  ,    , 
             -    .

        *  (purge) -  ,    
          ,    .

        *  (hold) -  ,    
            , ..,    
                  ,  
            .


6.12.        (hold) ?
-----------------------------------------------------------------

       ,       
     --   dpkg  dselect.

      dpkg,      :

          dpkg --get-selections > selections.txt

         `selections.txt',  ,
          , .  `libc6', :

          libc6                                           install

     :

          libc6                                           hold

             dpkg:

          dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt

     C dselect,       (Select),  
         '=' ( 'H').     
            .


6.13.       ?
---------------------------------------------------

        Debian    "",  
        ,      
     .       `source',   
        ,   :

          apt-get source foo

     (.    apt-get(8)).


6.14.        ?
-------------------------------------------------------

       foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz  foo_*.diff.gz  
        (   Debian  .diff.gz
       ).

              `dpkg-dev',  
     :

          dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc

         `foo-version'.

         ,    
     `foo-version'   

          debian/rules build

       , 

          debian/rules binary

       root,   ,  

          dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb

       .


6.15.      Debian?
------------------------------------------

           "
       Debian",    `maint-guide-ru',
     
     ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/package-developer/maint-guide.html.tar.gz.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


7.    Debian
--------------------------------------


7.1.        Debian?
--------------------------------------------------------------

7.1.1. dpkg
-----------

         .  `dpkg' 
        .    :

        *    : `dpkg --help'.

        *     : `dpkg --info
          foo_VVV-RRR.deb'

        *   (..    )   :
          `dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb'.

        *  (  )    Debian  
          : `dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb'.  ,  
           __      ;
                 
          .        
              preinst (.   6.6, ` 
            preinst, postinst, prerm  postrm?'),  
          .

        *      : `dpkg --configure
          foo'.    ,    
          postinst (.   6.6, `    preinst,
          postinst, prerm  postrm?')   .   
              `conffiles'   .
          ,        
           (.., foo),  __    Debian (..,
          foo_VVV-RRR.deb).

        *      "blurf" (   
           "blurf*")   Debian: `dpkg --fsys-tarfile
          foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*'

        *   (    ): `dpkg --remove
          foo'.

        *   (     ): `dpkg --purge
          foo'.

        *   (  )   
            (  ) "foo*": `dpkg --list
          'foo*''.

7.1.2. dselect
--------------

        -   
       Debian.  ,  ,  
         .

       `dselect':

        *        ,
          ,       
          ,         
           ;

        *      ,
             ;

        *        ;

        *     ; 

        *       .

       `dselect'      ,
          .   
              
        ,     _<enter>_.

     ,    ,    .
          `Access ()'  `Select ()',
      `dselect'    : , 
        `Remove ()',  dselect 
            
       `Select ()'.

      `Access ()'  `Select ()',  
      .    ,     
     ;      
       ,   ,      
        .

           ,   
       '?'.

     ,        `dselect',
            
        .  ,  
          ,    .

        *    _  (Access Method)_.   
                Debian; .
            -   Debian,  
              ftp.     
             `dselect', ,    ,  
                .

        *  _ (Update)_   .   
          `dselect'   "Packages.gz",    
               Debian.  (  
          , `dselect'     .)

        * _ (Select)_       .
              ,   
           (    `--expert'   ).
              ,     
             .

                29000  Debian;
                  ,
            .

            ,     ,
               .    
            :

          :
                   `+'.

          :
                   :

                  * remove:     
                     ,     
                     (.   6.5, `  Debian
                    conffile?')     .
                       `-'.

                  * purge:   __ ,  
                    .     `_'.

               ,     "All Packages".   
                 ,      
                  .

           (hold):
                 `=',   `dselect'  
                ,     
                  ,     
                 Debian (   
                _  (Access Method)_, 
                  _ (Update)_).

                 ,    
                `:'.    `dselect',  () 
                     .  
                -.

                
            `o'     .
              ;   
             ,    .

                  
             `v'.     
           ,       .  
                 
           .

                 , .,
          `foo.deb',      ( ) 
          , .  `blurf.deb',  `dselect'  
          ,    .     
               ,  
          .       
            .       Shift-D;
              ,  Shift-U.   
                 Shift-Q.  
          ,       Shift-X.

        *        .   
            "" (Install)   
            .      
          ,     "" (Remove).   
               "" (Quit)   
          ;        
           `dselect'.

7.1.3. dpkg-deb
---------------

           Debian
     (`.deb' ).    :

        *    : `dpkg-deb --help'.

        *      Debian: `dpkg-deb
          --contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb')

        *  ,    Debian  
           : `dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp'
              `foo_VVV-RRR.deb'   `tmp/'.  
                 
                .

     ,       `dpkg-deb
     --extract'   ,   
      `dpkg --install'.

           dpkg-deb(1).

7.1.4. apt-get
--------------

     `apt-get'       
      .     `dpkg', `apt-get'    .deb
     ,        
            
     `/etc/apt/sources.list'.

         ,   `apt' 
       apt-get(8), sources.list(5) 
     `/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'.

7.1.5. dpkg-split
-----------------

              (.,
        ), , ,    
           .   
         Debian (..    
      `dpkg'), ..    `dpkg-deb'  
         .

     ,  ,    .deb   ,

        *   `dpkg-split --split foo.deb'.   
            ,   460  , 
           .

        *     .

        *        .

        *      `dpkg-split --join "foo*"'.


7.2. Debian ,     ; 
  ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Debian GNU/Linux      
     .

     , ,   `start-stop-daemon', 
              
        (.,   
         ).    
           
      ,       
       .


7.3.         ?
----------------------------------------------------------

          ,  

          dpkg --list

           , 
       (   ),  ,
     ,  __,   .

        ,     "foo",
      :

          dpkg --list 'foo*'

             ,
      :

          dpkg --status packagename


7.4.      ?
------------------------------------------------

              `foo'
         :

        * `dpkg --search filename'

            `filename'   .  ( (
           )      
          `.list'   `/var/lib/dpkg/info/',     
          ,    filename,   ,
            ).

        * `zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz'

                `foo'  
           .   `Contents-ARCH.gz' ( ARCH 
          )      (main,
          non-free, contrib)  FTP  Debian.   `Contents'
                 
           .  ,  
                `Contents'   
            `foo'.

               `dpkg --search'  ,  
                 .


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


8.    Debian    
--------------------------------------------------------------------

        Debian     
      ,        
           .    -
          ,   
     ,      .

           , , 
       ,    CD Debian 
       WWW  
     http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/release-notes/.


8.1.      Debian 1.3.1 (  ),
  libc5,  2.0 (  ),   libc6?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

         :

        *    shell `autoup.sh',  
            .     `autoup.sh'  
          ,    dselect,  __
            .  , ,  
          ,    .

          ,   `autoup.sh'  :

             * http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/

             * http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/

             * http://csanders.vicnet.net.au/autoup/

        *   libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO
          (ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/doc/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.txt),
                .
          `autoup.sh'    Mini-HOWTO,    
                `autoup.sh'.

        * ,   libc5, `apt'.  APT   
          ,   -  dselect.  , 
                   
           dselect.     libc5   
          `dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386'  Debian.

        *   dselect,    
          .       ,
             ,    dselect  
               .  APT 
             .


8.2.      Debian   ?
------------------------------------------------------------------

           ftp   Debian, 
       ,      ,
              `dpkg'.  ,
      `dpkg'  ̣     .
     ,       
      ,     ,   
       .

            , ..
     Debian    -- , -   
        .      
         .     
     ,      
     .        :

8.2.1. APT
----------

     APT --      , 
        Debian     .
     apt-get --       ,
       APT  dselect --    APT  `dselect',  
       ,     
     .

     APT      
           , 
        `/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'.

8.2.2. dpkg-ftp
---------------

          `dselect'.      
     `dselect',       
           .   , 
      `dselect',   "0" ("Choose the access method to
     use"),   "ftp",    ̣  
     .  `dpkg-ftp'     ( 
       `dselect'   ).

     ,      `mirror', `dpkg-ftp' 
      ӣ   .     
     ,    (  `dpkg-ftp'),   
     .

8.2.3. mirror
-------------

       Perl,   ()  
      `mirror-master',     
            __
      FTP.

     `mirror' ̣     ߣ
      .       , 
         `.mirrorinfo'.  `mirror'>
        ̣  , ԣ
            ̣  
        .

      `mirror',  ,    
      ̣  .    
        Debian.  (..  `mirror'   Perl,
          -Unix .)    , 
      `mirror'    ͣ ,
        ,  ,  
      ,      , 
       .

8.2.4. dftp
-----------

       Perl     
       Debian   .   
      Packages.gz  ,   (,
     stable, contrib, non-free),     
     .      :  ,
        ,  ,   
      .     ,  
     ,  dftp    .    ̣ 
        Debian  100%  ӣ  
      ,     .

     `dftp'    `dselect' (  7.1.2, `dselect'),
           
       Debian   .    ,
         `dftp',   
       (".deb").  `dftp'   
     ̣  ,    Packages.gz 
      ̣ .

8.2.5. dpkg-mountable
---------------------

     dpkg-mountable   ,  `mountable' 
      dselect,       
     ,   /etc/fstab (,   ֣
       NFS ),   ,   
       .

     , ,    ,  ֣ 
       dselect,    
      (      
     ),     ,  
        ,   
        dpkg    install.


8.3.       ,  
?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     .     ,    .  
           ,   
       Debian   `start-stop-daemon', 
     ,      .


8.4.          .deb?
-------------------------------------------------------------

     .        ( , 
       dpkg-ftp  dftp ),    , 
          .


8.5.     ,     ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------

     `dpkg'    ,   , ,
     , / ԣ,  (  )   , 
           .   
         `tee',  :

          dpkg -iGOEB -R main/binary non-free/binary contrib/binary | \
              tee -a /root/dpkg.log

       ,     :

          dpkg --install --refuse-downgrade --selected-only \
            --skip-same-version --auto-deconfigure \
            --recursive main/binary non-free/binary contrib/binary | \
              tee -a /root/dpkg.log


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


9. Debian  
----------------


9.1.           Debian
?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     .       Debian   
     .

       C  Debian     
      __  __.

     ,  Debian-1.2    
     5.4.13.           Linux,
        FTP- Linux,   
        .    ,
          ,  
      `/usr/include/linux/include/'.

             , 
     ,  ,    `libc6-dev',    
     `-I/usr/src/linux/include/'      .
      , ,    
      (`amd').      -    
     NFS, `amd'    .     
        .


9.2.         
Debian?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ,   ( )   ,
        `kernel-package'.     
            kernel-image 
     

          make-kpkg kernel_image

     (        
      ).     

          make-kpkg --help

     , ,  man- make-kpkg(1).

            ( 
       )    Linux-,     
     kernel-source- ( ""   ).

          `kernel-package'  
      `/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz'.  , :

        *    ,  `cd'   
          .

        *       :

             * `make config' (  "--"
               ).

             * `make menuconfig' ( -,  
                ncurses).   ,   
                   `libncurses5-dev'.

             * `make xconfig' (  X11).     
                 X  Tcl/Tk .

                 `.config' 
              .

        *  : `make-kpkg -rev Custom.N kernel_image',  N
          -  ,  .  Debian  
            Custom.1, ..,
          `kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb'   Linux 
          2.2.14.

        *     

             * ` dpkg --install
               /usr/src/kernel-image-VVV_Custom.N.deb',  
                .     :

                  *   , LILO ( 
                    ),

                  *     /boot/vmlinuz_VVV-Custom.N 
                         
                      .

                  *     .
                          .  .
                     9.3, `    
                    ?'.

             *     ,   `grub'
                `loadlin',       (.., 
               /boot/grub     `MS-DOS').


9.3.      ?
-----------------------------------------------------

           `boot-floppies',  
        `admin' FTP  Debian.     
           `SYSLINUX'.  
        `MS-DOS',    
        Linux (   ,
         syslinux.cfg  ).   
         root-     
      .

           
     `/usr/doc/boot-floppies/README'   
     `boot-floppies'.


9.4.   Debian     ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------

      Debian   `modconf',   
     (`/usr/sbin/modconf'),     
     .     - , 
           
        .    
        `/etc/modules.conf' (   
     ,    ),    
      `/etc/modutils/',  `/etc/modules' (  ,
            ).

      ()  Configure.help,   
         ,  modconf
          ( `/usr/lib/modules_help/'),
           
     .


9.5.         , ,  
,  ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     .   `kernel-image-NNN.prerm'     
       .        
       :

          dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-NNN

     ( ,   "NNN"     )


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


10.    Debian GNU/Linux
--------------------------------------------------------------


10.1.   ,     
 ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

      `/etc/papersize'       
      (..  letter  A4).      
       `PAPERSIZE'.     
     `papersize(5)'.


10.2.         
?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

         `/dev'   .
     , `/dev/fd0'   `floppy',  `/dev/dsp' -
      `audio'.

           
     ,     ,  
     , ..  :

          adduser user group

           chmod   .


10.3.    Debian      ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

          `kbd'  `console-tools'.
       `/etc/kbd/config' 
     `/etc/console-tools/config'.


10.4.        X11?
--------------------------------------------------------------

      Debian  X11 ,    
     `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/'  .   
          X,   
        `/etc/X11/Xresources'.    
     ,        
      .


10.5. ,      .
,     Debian.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

        , Debian    `init'.
        `init' (  `/etc/inittab')
     ,       
     `/etc/init.d/rcS'.       
     ,  ,   , 
     ,       (
     ,   `.'    )   `/etc/rc.boot/'.
           
      ,     .

        , `init'   
       ,      (
         `id'  `/etc/inittab').  
      ,   System V, Linux  7 
     :

        * 0 ( ),

        * 1 ( ),

        *  2  5 (  ), 

        * 6 ( ).

      Debian  id=2,  ,    
       '2' (   ),  
         `/etc/rc2.d/'.

      ,      , `/etc/rcN.d/',
     -        `/etc/init.d/'.
     , __      `/etc/rcN.d/' 
     ,   __    `/etc/init.d/'.  
     ,     ,   ,
       'K';    .  
         ,    'S';
        .     'K'  'S'
      ,    .  
         .

             `/etc/init.d/'
         - `start', `stop', `reload', `restart'
      `force-reload' -    ,  
     .        
      ,    .

     ,  `reload'  

          /etc/init.d/sendmail reload

         sendmail    .


10.6. ,  Debian      
`rc.local';    ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ,     `foo'  ,  
       -   (System V).    
        :

        *   `foo'   `/etc/init.d/'.

        *   Debian `update-rc.d'  
          ,      rc?.d 
          `/etc/init.d/foo'.   '?'  -    0  6,
               System V.

        *  .

      `update-rc.d'     rc?.d 
     `/etc/init.d'.        'S'  'K', 
        .  ,   'S'  
     `/etc/rcN.d/',       `N'.  ,
       'K',       `N'.

     ,    `foo'  ,   
     `/etc/init.d/'      `update-rc.d foo
     defaults 19'.   'defaults'      2 
     5.   '19'    `foo'   
      20  .


10.7.      ,  
     ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

      ,      ,
        Debian   ,  
      .  ,    ,  `dpkg' 
         ,      , 
            .

         ,   
      ""  Debian,   .   
     `dpkg'       ,  
        ""    
         .


10.8.     ,  -
,  ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ,      
       "login-local"  "login"   Debian
     `login'.

     __ :

        *  `/bin/login'  `login-local'.

               
           `/bin/login'.

       :

        * :

               dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login

            Debian     `login'
           `/bin/login'  `/bin/login.debian'.

        *  :

               cp login-local /bin/login

                 .

         dpkg-divert(8).


10.9.        ,   
  ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

      :

          dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages

     :

        * BIN-DIR -  ,     Debian
          (    ".deb").

        * OVERRIDE_FILE -  ,   
               FTP- Debian 
          `indices/override.main.gz'  Debian-   "main"
          .       
          .

        * PATHPREFIX - __ ,  
              `my_Packages'.

        `my_Packages',   
         :

          dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages


10.10.    mawk,  - gawk;  -
vim,  - elvis;  - trn,  - tin;  
   Debian?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

       ,      
      ,      .
               
         .

     Debian   ""   , 
       (  )   
          -
         .

     ,        
     .      '',  
        __  ,  , 
      - `tin'  `trn',    .
          `news-reader', 
       `tin'  `trn'.  __   
            
      `/etc/alternatives/news-reader'   , .., 
      `/usr/bin/trn'.

            
        ;   
      ,   .   Perl
     `update-alternatives'    ,    
          .

     ,  ,   
     `x-window-manager', :

          update-alternatives --display x-window-manager

        - :

          update-alternatives --config x-window-manager

          ( ,  
         ).

        -      
      (  ),      
      /usr/local,        
     .      :

          update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \
            x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50

         `--install' -   , 
       /etc/alternatives/,   -   .
       -  ,    
     /etc/alternatives/,    -  ( 
      ,   ).

         ,  :

update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


11.    Debian GNU/Linux
------------------------------------------


11.1.  ݣ     Debian?
-----------------------------------------------------------

        *     : 
          http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/install.

        *       ,
                
              Debian.

            ģ   `packaging-manual'    
          ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/package-developer/packaging.html.tar.gz.

        *     ,  
          , ..      Debian,
              ,  
           ,    
          ,         .

               `debian-policy'   
          ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/package-developer/policy.html.tar.gz.

        *     Debian:  
           ,    
          `/usr/doc/'.

        *   Linux: Debian  `doc-linux'
               HOWTO  mini-HOWTO 
             Linux (http://www.linuxdoc.org).

        *  `man'   Unix:    
          ,     'man'  Unix.
              ,    
           'man': , foo(3)    ,
              /usr/share/man/man3/,  ţ 
          ,  : `man 3 foo',   `man foo',
            3   ,   
            `foo'.

               `/usr/share/man/' c
          ̣  ,   `man -w foo'.

             Debian ,   'man' 
             ,    
          :

             * `man-db',     `man'  
                  .

             * `manpages',     .
               (  4.8, `  Debian  
                ?').

        *  `info'   GNU:   
          ,   GNU,    `man' ,
            `info' ,      GNU 
          `info',  `M-x info'  GNU Emacs,    
             Info.

              `man'   
          ,  Info   .  ,  __
             WWW; `info'    
           .     Richard Stallman 
            WWW.

     ,          
      WWW ,    `dwww'  `dhelp', 
        .


11.2.   - -    Debian?
-----------------------------------------------------------------

        , ݣ Debian.

          `doc-debian',   
         `/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt'.

        debian-X ( X  announce, user  ..),
        debian-X-request@lists.debian.org  
     "subscribe"   :.      WWW ,
      ,       
      WWW  (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe).
     ,      .

         ,  e-mail   
      <listmaster@lists.debian.org>.

        Debian   WWW  
     http://lists.debian.org/.

           , 
     e-mail     control (   6.4,
     `    (control)  Debian?'),   
      .  ,   e-mail    
        "Packages",     
            .
       control     Debian,
      :

          dpkg --info packageName_VVV-RRR.deb

        , ---Debian  
      USENET   Linux,  comp.os.linux.*  linux.*.
         Usenet  Linux  
        WWW,    Linux Online
     (http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html)  LinuxJournal
     (http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php).


11.3.      ?
----------------------------------------

         Debian, ,  
     :

        *  ;   .     
          Debian,  ϣ ,   .

        *  ;   ,  
                , 
           .

        * ,     .  __ 
             ()     - [1]

        *     11.6, `     
          Debian?'        
          .

[1]      _listname_-REQUEST@lists.debian.org.

11.3.1.      
----------------------------------------------

        Debian GNU/Linux  
      .     ,   
          $1000 ()   
         ,  "Debian".
          .     
     ,        
         ޣ  $1999 ().   
       ,     ,  FSF.

       ,      
     ,         
             ,   
           .   
            .

      ,   Debian,  .   
            , 
          .


11.4.      Debian GNU/Linux?
------------------------------------------------------

        ,    
        Debian:

        *   Debian WWW (http://www.debian.org/search).

        * DejaNews     (http://www.dejanews.com/).
           ,   ,    
           Western Digital,     :
          `linux & WD'   DejaNews   ,
            "linux"   "WD".  ( :
              ף  ,  ,  
          WD  (    6  ) 
           Adaptec (  WD)  .   
           .   Adaptec.)

        *       web ( AltaVista
          (http://www.altavista.com/)  Google (http://www.google.com))
                Usenet (   
              DejaNews).

          ,    "cgi-perl"   
             ,      
          control.


11.5.     ?
---------------------------------------------

      Debian GNU/Linux    
     (BTS),      , 
       .     , 
        ,      .

           :
     http://www.debian.org/Bugs/.

            
        e-mail.    , 
     e-mail   request@bugs.debian.org   "help"  
     .


11.6.       Debian?
------------------------------------------

          Debian,    
        Debian.       
      :

        *   FTP.    Debian   
           `doc/bug-reporting.txt'.

        *  WWW.      
          http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting.

        *    Debian,    `doc-debian'.
              `/usr/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt'.

         `bug'  `reportbug', 
             
            ,
       .

            MUA,   
      <submit@bugs.debian.org>,    
      :

          Package: _

     ( "_"    ).    
         (,   
     ),   Debian,    
        .

           
      .  ,     ,
             ̣  
      debian-bugs-dist.

            ,  
             ,
          
     <maintonly@bugs.debian.org> (  submit@...), 
         ,  
           debian-devel /
     debian-bugs-dist.

     ,   Debian ,  Lintian
     (http://www.debian.org/lintian/),   
        Debian     
       .  ,      ,
     , ,      ,  
           Lintian  
     <lintian-maint@debian.org>,      
     Lintian,        .  
              
        .

         <quiet@bugs.debian.org>, 
          BTS,    
     debian-bugs-dist  .   `quiet'  
       ,      -
         ,   
       ,     -    BTS,
         .


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


12.    Debian
-----------------------------------

            (  
     ,     
      ),  (   FTP  WWW
     )   (     
     ).


12.1.        Debian?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

      Debian   ,     
       /   ,   
        ,   
       ,     
      .

        ,    Debian,  
      `developers-reference'.       
         .

            -
     (http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/developers-reference/).


12.2.      Debian  ?
--------------------------------------------------------

             ,
             ,  
      .  ,     
      .  ,   Debian mirror size
     (http://www.debian.org/mirror/size),    
      .

          
      ,  -  .
             
         .

            Internet,  
         ,      ,
       -,     , ,
     ,     
     <debian-admin@lists.debian.org>.


12.3.      Debian  ?
-------------------------------------------------------

            ,
           Debian.

12.3.1. Software in the Public Interest
---------------------------------------

     Software in the Public Interest (SPI) -  IRS 501(c)(3)
      , ,  FSF  
     Debian.       
      .

           FSF,    
         GNU General Public License.  
            Linux 
            FSF
      GNU.      FSF,   
          GNU     
     FSF   GNU.

      SPI     : http://www.spi-inc.org/.

12.3.2. Free Software Foundation
--------------------------------

           Debian  Free Software
     Foundation .   Free Software Foundation  
           Debian,   GNU C,
     GNU Emacs       C,
        .  FSF    
        :   General
     Public License,      Debian
     ,     "GNU"    
      Unix.  Debian      GNU.

      FSF     : http://www.fsf.org/.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


13.  Debian GNU/Linux   
---------------------------------------------------------


13.1.    CD- Debian   ?
-------------------------------------------------------

     !        ,  
     __,      CD-  
       -.      .  ,
       CD-    
      Debian.  ,     GPL,
            .

          CD-  
      ,      Debian,    
           
       .


13.2.    Debian    ?
--------------------------------------------------------

     .         Debian  
     ,    non-free  ,  
      .

      CD- __  
      ,     , 
             
       .   CD-   
      ,      , 
       CD-.      :  
            CD-.
     ,       
        .


13.3.     Linux  "
".    Debian GNU/Linux     
     ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     .  ,     "Linux 
      "    
      .    Debian  " " 
         ,  
       ..        Debian, 
             
       CD-.

            Debian ,
       Corel Linux  Storm Linux,   
      Debian GNU/Linux .

     Debian   ,    
          
       ,       
             10.8, ` 
       ,  - , 
     ?'.


13.4.        "" Debian, 
       Debian?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ,  .    -   
     ;       ,
         .


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


14.         Debian
GNU/Linux?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------


14.1.  
----------------------------

     Debian        1.3.
         Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules
     (   libpam
     (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/);),  
            
      ,      
       .

           ,
       Kerberos, RSBAC      .


14.2.   - 
-----------------------------------------------------------

     Debian     - ,
       4.8, `  Debian   
     ?'.

      ,   ,   
         .    
       ,    
       .    ݣ 
     .

       GNU ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS  
       GNU.


14.3. ݣ  
---------------------------

          Debian   Intel x86 (_i386_),
     Motorola 680x0 (_m68k_), Alpha (_alpha_), SPARC (_sparc_), PowerPC
     (_powerpc_)  ARM (_arm_) .

         Debian   ,  
     MIPS  SPARC64.


14.4.  Linux 2.4
--------------------

             
     _woody_    Linux 2.4.x.

     ,       Linux
     2.0.x  2.2.x.


14.5.  GNU C 2.2
--------------------------

          _woody_  GNU LibC 
     2.2.x.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


15.    FAQ
--------------------------


15.1. 
------------

        FAQ     J.H.M.
     Dassen (Ray)  Chuck Stickelman.  Susan G.  Kleinmann  Sven Rudolph
      Debian GNU/Linux FAQ.  , FAQ  Santiago
     Vila.     Josip Rodin.

       :

        *    Debian-1.1,  Bruce Perens
          (http://www.perens.com/).

        * Linux FAQ,  Ian Jackson
          (http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/).

        *    Debian (http://lists.debian.org/),

        *   dpkg    Debian
          (  11.1, ` ݣ   
           Debian?')

        *  ,    , 

        *     .  :-)

         ,    
      .

      .       
     .


15.2.  
--------------------

            .
       e-mail  <doc-debian@packages.debian.org>, 
          wishlist   `doc-debian'.


15.3.  
---------------

            WWW 
     Debian   http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/.

      ţ      ,  HTML  PostScript
       FTP  Debian (ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/)  
         (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist.html) 
      `doc/FAQ/ (ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/FAQ/)'.

      SGML ,     ,
             `doc-debian', 
      CVS  :
     `:pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq'


15.4.  
----------------------

          DebianDoc SGML DTD ( 
     LinuxDoc SGML).   DebianDoc SGML    
           , , 
         HTML,  , TeX DVI,
     PostScript, PDF,  GNU info.

       DebianDoc SGML    Debian
     `debiandoc-sgml'.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


     The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ

      15.1, `'


      4.0.5, 17 May 2011

